The tubal reversal doctors at Chapel Hill Tubal Reversal Center performed the first reversal procedure after Adiana tubal sterilization on February 6, 2009. Today they report the success of the operation as confirmed by a positive pregnancy test submitted by the patient,Tina D., via her Pregnancy Report Form. Read the rest of this article and comment on it. »
It is difficult to identify the first reported instance of a patient with Post Tubal Ligation syndrome (PTLS). The early literature from the 1950 – 1970’s has sporadic reports of patients who underwent tubal ligation and, subsequently, developed menstrual irregularities. In the mid – twentieth century, PTLS seems to have been discussed more that it was studied by the medical community.
Several medical studies from the 1980’s and 1990’s suggested there was no association with tubal ligation and menstral irregularities. These studies have been criticized because they involved a small number of patients, had methodological problems, and were not designed to critically evaluate for the existence of PTLS.
The most conclusive medical study to evaluate female sterilization and the effects upon American women was the U.S. Collaborative Review of Sterilization study. This study is commonly referred to as the CREST study. A synopsis of this study can be found on-line at the medical research organization Contraception Online.
The CREST study conducted by the Center for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) and was published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1996. To date, the CREST study has been the largest and most comprehensive evaluation of women who have undergone surgical sterilization in the United States. The study was primarily designed to evaluate the types of sterilization methods that were commonly being performed by U.S. doctors and the failure rates associated with each of the different methods of sterilization.
The study examined over 14,000 women who had tubal sterilizations (tubal ligation) from 1978 to 1986. Women were examined for up to 14 years after their sterilization procedures. The investigators specifically looked at the method of tubal ligation and failure rates (pregnancies) based on each method. They also examined the number of women who regretted their decision to undergo sterilization.
The main findings of the CREST study were that pregnancies after tubal ligation and sterilization regret were both more frequent than had been previously thought.
Women were also asked questions about changes in their menstral patterns after tubal ligation. The study compared 9514 women who underwent tubal ligation to 573 women whose partners underwent vasectomy. The women were asked about changes in their menstral patterns for up to five years after sterilization. The women who underwent sterilization were found to have fewer irregularities with their menstral patterns. The authors’ conclusion was there were no significant differences in menstral patterns in women who had tubal sterilization. A commentary by the study investigators regarding these findings can be found at the National Institute of Health.
The existence of Post Tubal Ligation syndrome has been widely speculated by many but never substantiated in a rigorous fashion by medical investigators. Many poorly done small studies have suggested PTLS does exist; however, the largest study to date, the CREST study seems to suggest otherwise.
Although the CREST study has been the largest study with the longest follow-up of women who have undergone sterilization, some investigators have criticized the study.
The CREST study has limitations evaluating PTLS because of three reasons:
1. The study population is mostly from academic centers and is made up of a large number of African American women. This has led some cautious medical investigators to suggest the study has population bias and the findings of the study may not be applicable to the general population of United States women who undergo sterilization.
2. The study did not address the question whether women may develop menstral irregularities beyond five years after their tubal ligaiton. Most of the questions regarding menstrual irregularities were not asked after five years of follow-up.
3. The study was not designed to investigate the diverse symptoms of PTLS. The primary goal was to identify what the most popular methods of tubal ligation were and what the failure rates of each method were.
Many patients come to Chapel Hill Tubal Reversal Center requesting sterilization reversal for the sole purpose of treating symptoms they identify as PTLS. Many of these patients report substantial improvement in their symptoms after tubal ligation reversal. We are not certain why patients report improvement, but it is hard to ignore their reports of improvement in symptoms after ligation reversal surgery.
Most women who have tubal ligations will not have any problems. Some women will have difficulty after a tubal ligation. Many, or perhaps the majority of them will not have PTLS. Instead, they may have an underlying medical or gynecologic illness. To aid our patients in the evaluation of difficulties they may be having after a tubal ligation, our next article will have information for patients about abnormal bleeding, painful menstruation, and possible underlying causes.
This is the second article in a fourteen part series. Our third article in this series is Diagnosing Menstrual Problems After Tubal Ligation.
Readers can also view patient submitted stories about their menstrual symptoms, reasons for reversing tubal ligation, and outcomes after reversal reversal surgery. Each patient’s story is listed below:
Meet Momzilla
Meet Andrea
Meet Rebecca
Meet Praybelieving
Meet Katherine
We invite readers to join the Tubal Reversal Message Board where they can discuss and share personal experiences with tubal ligation. We also would like patients to join our PTLS Forum and share personal experiences regarding physical or mental symptoms noticed after tubal ligation.
‘Tying tubes’ is a phrase that is commonly used to refer to surgical procedures that result in tubal sterilization.
There are many different ways to block the fallopian tubes for tubal sterilization: ligation and resection (tying and cutting), tubal clips or rings, and electrocoagulation (burning). No matter how the procedure is done, the end result is closure or occlusion of the fallopian tube. This prevents sperm from reaching an egg.
The most common female sterilization procedure is the ligation and resection method. This was the earliest reported method of sterilization, and it is still a very common and effective procedure. According to the method described by Dr. Ralph Pomeroy, an absorbable suture is tied around a “knuckle” of the fallopian tube that has been elevated and a segment is resected (cut out). The cut ends close as the tube heals. As the suture dissolves, the two tubal segments pull apart. Ligation and resection is currently the most popular form of sterilization for women. It is often performed during a cesarean delivery (C-section) or following a normal delivery.
A common misconception is that fertility can be restored by simply ‘untying’ the tubes. Tubal ligation reversal is not that simple. Tubal ligation and resection is reversed by opening the closed ends of the tubes and joining the tubal segments back together in perfect alignment using microsurgical techniques. Approximately 70% of patients at Chapel Hill Tubal Reversal Center become pregnant after a reversal of a ligation and resection procedure.
Many people believe tubal sterilization is permanent and irreversible. Although tubal ligation and resection sterilization is intended to be permanent, this procedure can be reversed. Chapel Hill Tubal Reversal Center is the medical facility that specializes in tubal ligation reversal. We are experts in reversing tubal ligations- or ‘untying’ tubes that have been ‘tied’!
Submitted by Dr. Charles Monteith
One common form of female sterilization is the use of Hulka clips to block the fallopian tubes. The Hulka clip was approved for use in the United States in the 1970’s and was invented in Chapel Hill, North Carolina by Dr. Jaroslav Hulka at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
The Hulka clip is a small, gold plated stainless steel spring loaded clip. The clip in introduced into the abdominal cavity via a laparoscopic clip applicator. This image shows the open clip in the applicator and the tip of the laparoscope with its fiber optic lighted end. When the clip is placed across the fallopian tube, it is closed and a small spring holds the clip firmly across the tube. The Hulka clip has the advantage of damaging only a very small portion of the fallopian tube- approximately 7mm (the thickness of three quarters stacked on each other).
The Hulka clip causes bilateral tubal occlusion by squeezing a very small portion of the tube. The squeezed portion is deprived of its blood supply and eventually undergoes avascular necrosis (dies and is absorbed by the body). This causes the fallopian tube to be divided in half and the two ends to close up. The Hulka clip is held in place between the two divided tubal segments by a small amount of scar tissue which forms within the clip.
A common misconception is that the Hulka clips can simply be opened to reverse the sterilization process – that the tubes can be unclipped. Unfortunately, tubal ligation reversal for Hulka clips is not as simple as opening the clips. Hulka clip tubal occlusion is reversed by removing the section of the tube with the clip across it and then, using microsurgical techniques, joining the remaining tube segments back together in perfect alignment.
Tubal reversal of Hulka clip tubal occlusion is better than for most other methods of sterilization because such a minimal amount of tube is destroyed in the occlusion process. Approximately 76% of patients at Chapel Hill Tubal Reversal Center become pregnant after a reversal of a Hulka clip sterilization procedure.
Many patients seem to imagine the fallopian tube is like a shoe lace which is tied up like a bow to prevent pregnancy. As tubal ligation reversal specialists, we wish it were that easy- then untying tied tubes would be easier!
‘Tying ones fallopian tubes’ is a common language phrase used to describe several different surgical procedures which result in sterilization (a procedure intended to permanently prevent pregnancy). The more correct medical term is bilateral (both sides) tubal occlusion (closure of the fallopian tube).
There are many different ways to occlude (close) the fallopian tubes: ligation and resection (tying and cutting), clips and rings, and coagulation (burning). No matter how the procedure is done the end result causes the tube to close, heal shut, and prevent sperm from fertilizing an egg.
Many people believe tubal sterilization is permanent and irreversible. Although Hulka clip sterilization is intended to be permanent, this procedure is ideal for tubal reversal. The Chapel Hill Tubal Reversal Center is the one medical facility which specializes in tubal ligation reversal.
We have become experts in reversing all types of tubal ligations- or ‘untying’ tubes that have been ‘tied’!
Submitted by Dr. Charles Monteith
Past topics in the Tubal Reversal Blog include posts and comments about patient care at Chapel Hill Tubal Reversal Center. This topic summarizes important articles about tubal ligation and tubal reversal reported in the news during 2007.
Sterilization is Most Popular Family Planning Method
Approximately 10 million American women use the pill for contraception, while sterilization has been chosen by 15 million men and women.
One In Five Women Regret Decision For Tubal Ligation
One in five women under age 30 who undergo tubal sterilization later regret the procedure, despite the number of children they have.
Is Sterilization the Best Contraception Choice?
Women requesting a tubal ligation should be counseled regarding other long-term, reversible methods of contraception and informed that vasectomy is safer and more effective than tubal ligation.
Relationship Conflict Before Sterilization
Women whose relationship was marked by substantial conflict before they underwent tubal ligation were most likely to regret the decision.
Young Age, Prodding Partner and Sterilization Regret
Young age and a prodding partner are risk factors indicating that a woman undergoing sterilization may later regret her decision.
Tubal Reversal Among Overweight Women
Overweight women’s chances of becoming pregnant after tubal reversal improve when they lose weight.
These news reports touch on some of the issues patients talk about when they come to Chapel Hill Tubal Reversal Center for tubal sterilization reversal. The popularity of tubal ligation, and the fact that many women regret their decision to have a tubal ligation, are well documented. Young age and marital conflict are risk indicators for subsequent regret. Before performing a tubal ligation, doctors should ensure that the implications of ending childbearing potential are clearly understood and discuss vasectomy as an alternative permanent method of birth control. Women undergoing tubal reversal who are overweight should be aware that losing weight will improve their chances of becoming pregnant again.
Almost every article one reads about tubal ligation stresses that it is permanent. Most doctors and the lay public believe this to be true. In my experience, however, tubal ligation is reversible in over 95% cases!
Doctors stress that tubal ligation is a permanent method birth control because it cannot be discontinued easily such as stopping the use of birth control pills or the patch, removing an IUD, or avoiding the use of barriers contraceptives (condom or diaphragm). In the past, reversing a tubal ligation procedure involved complicated surgery with its attendant high cost (up to $35,000). The outpatient tubal ligation procedure that I have developed is uncomplicated surgery and avoids the expense of hospital charges. This has reduced the cost of tubal reversal surgery to under $6000. This is less than the cost of a single treatment cycle with in vitro fertilization (averaging $10,000 – $12,000). My effort over the past 3 decades has been to make tubal reversal surgery easy to undergo and affordable for couples.
There are some methods of female sterilization that are not reversible. These include complete removal of the fallopian tubes (total salpingectomy) and extremely destructive methods of partial salpingectomy that do not leave two segments to repair. An example of the latter is when only a short portion of the tube is attached to the uterus and the remaining segment contains only fimbrial tissue with no tubal muscle or opening. In this case, the fimbrial tissue alone cannot be rejoined successfully to the uterine segment of tube. Fortunately, this is an unusual occurrence. In cases where there is a sufficient length of tube attached to the uterus, it can be opened and be able function normally even without the fimbrial end. This is called ampullary salpingostomy. This technique is useful in reversing a fimbriectomy (removal of the fimbrial or ovarian end of the fallopian tube).
Reviewing the operative report from a tubal ligation procedure usually will indicate how destructive the procedure was. When there is a question about this, diagnostic laparoscopy can be performed to examine what remains of the fallopian tubes. If there are sufficient segments to repair, tubal reversal can be done right then while the patient is under anesthesia.
The best method of tubal ligation to reverse is the clip procedure. The Hulka Clip was developed in the 1970s by Dr. Jaroslav Hulka, a professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. (Dr. Hulka was one of my most influential teachers during my residency in ob-gyn at UNC.) The tubal ring also is an excellent method for reversing. The clip and ring procedures tend to damage the least amount of the fallopian tube and leave behind long segments to repair.
The most common tubal ligation procedures involves tying and cutting the tubes (ligation/resection) or burning the tubes (coagulation). Experience shows that 98% of these procedures are reversible.
Summary: Tubal ligation is not really permanent in the sense that it can be reversed in almost all cases. This is fortunate for those women who want another chance to have a baby after having their tubes tied. Tubal reversal is more successful, less complicated, and less expensive than the alternative treatment of in vitro fertilization.
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Gary S. Berger, M.D. |
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Charles Monteith, M.D. |
Tubal Ligation Reversal News
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