Tubal Reversal Scholarly Publications

Early Experimental Studies in Animals

In 1969, David, Brackett and Garcia ⁽¹⁾ reported using microsurgical techniques for uterotubal anastomosis after removing the uterotubal junction from one side in 25 rabbits. Among 11 (44%) of the animals that became pregnant, fewer implantations occurred on the operated side than on the unoperated side. This showed that the uterotubal junction has a role, but is not absolutely required, in transferring embryos from the fallopian tube into the uterus for implantation.

In 1974, Paterson and Wood ⁽²⁾ divided the isthmic segment of one fallopian tube and then performed tubal anastomosis in 10 rabbits. They removed the fallopian tube and ovary on the other side so that any pregnancies that followed could be attributed to the repaired fallopian tube. The pregnancy rate was 60%. These investigators suggested that tubal anastomosis could be applied successfully to humans for reversal of tubal sterilization.

Hulka and Ulberg ⁽³⁾ in 1975 were the first to perform a successful reversal of tubal sterilization under experimental conditions. Six weeks after applying Hulka clips to the isthmic portion of fallopian tubes in 8 pigs, they removed the clipped portion of tubes and performed tubal anastomosis using an absorbable, multifilament suture (6-0 Dexon). Six (75%) of the animals subsequently became pregnant.

In 1975 Winston ⁽⁴⁾ reported an experiment in rabbits in which the experimental variables were different suture materials and duration of tubal splinting. In one group of 25 rabbits, he removed a portion of the tubal isthmus or ampulla and then performed tubotubal anastomosis with a nonabsorbable, nonreactive, monofilament suture (10-0 nylon). Using microsurgical technique, Winston took special care to include only the 2 outer layers (muscularis and serosa) of the fallopian tube in the suture line, avoiding the inner tubal layer (endothelium). He stabilized the anastomotic sites with polyethylene splints that were removed before closure of the abdominal cavity. Twenty-three (92%) of the animals became pregnant. This was the highest pregnancy rate reported so far after tubal anastomosis in animal studies. When either 8-0 catgut was used as the suture material or the tubal splint was left in place for 1 week after surgery, the pregnancy rate dropped in half.

Winston’s results were subsequently corroborated using microsurgical tubal anastomosis with 11-0 nylon, intraoperative splinting, and avoiding mucosal trauma from suture in the reconstruction of rabbit oviducts six weeks after application of Falope rings. Eighteen (82%) of 22 rabbits became pregnant after two matings.

Comment

Experimental studies in animals demonstrated excellent pregnancy rates following reconstruction of the fallopian tube by tubal anastomosis. They provided the basis for tubal reversal surgery as a clinical treatment. The best results came using microsurgical techniques with non-reactive, monofilament suture material, intraoperative tubal splints, and avoiding the introduction of suture in the inner layer of the tube.

Dr. Berger uses these surgical techniques in his tubal reversal procedures. For a more complete description of the early history of tubal reversal surgery, read Dr. Berger’s book chapter, Reversal of Female Sterilization: An Evaluation of Results ⁽⁵⁾.

References

1. David A, Brackett BG, Garcia CR: Effects of microsurgical removal of the rabbit uterotubal junction. Fertil Steril 20:250, 1969
2. Hulka JF, Ulberg LC: Reversibility of clip sterilization. Fertil Steril 26:1132, 1975
3. Paterson P, Wood C: The use of microsurgery in the reanastomosis of the rabbit fallopian tube. Fertil Steril 25:757, 1974
4. Winston RML: Microsurgical reanastomosis of the rabbit oviduct and its functional and pathological sequelae. Br I Obstet Gynaecol 82 :513, 1975
5. Berger GS: Reversal of female sterilization: An evaluation of results. In JM Phillips, editor, Microsurgery in Gynecology, Chapter 33. American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists, Downey, California, 238-243, 1977.

About Me

Sometimes patients ask about my background and why I became a tubal reversal doctor. (It’s a fair question, since I ask them what made them decide to have a tubal reversal.) I usually tell them about my first year after medical school when I was an intern in medicine at Duke University Hospital taking care of critically ill and dying patients. That is when I decided to devote my medical career to assisting with the beginning of life rather than its ending.

Influential Teachers

The first tubal surgery that I assisted in was during my first year of residency in obstetrics and gynecology at Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1970. At the University of North Carolina where I completed my residency, Dr. Jaroslav Hulka (the inventor of the Hulka clip) taught me the basic principles of tubal reversal surgery. In 1976, I went to Europe to learn tubal microsurgery from Dr. Robert Winston. Dr. Winston’s microsurgical method was an advancement but also a major operation of several hours duration resulting in hospitalization for 5 days or more.

My goal was to make tubal reversal easier to undergo and less costly for the patient. This was accomplished by combining the best principles of gyn surgery, microsurgery, and plastic surgery techniques. I had the great fortune of operating for many years with the renowned plastic surgeon, Dr. Erle Peacock, author of the surgical text entitled “Wound Healing”.

Outpatient Tubal Reversal

By the mid-1980s, I developed the outpatient surgical approach to tubal ligation reversal that I use - and continue to improve upon - to this day. What was a major and expensive in-hospital operation with prolonged recovery became a comfortable outpatient procedure that is affordable for most couples. It is the most gentle operation that exists for restoring tubal anatomy and has resulted in the birth of more babies in the world than any other tubal reconstructive operation.

Anyone who is interested in seeing how I perform outpatient tubal ligation reversal can watch the entire operation that was recorded on video and shown on Discovery and TLC. In this video, each step of the procedure is described as it is performed.

My Viewpoint

I have been fortunate to have had the best teachers in the world in the art of surgical technique as it applies to the fallopian tube. Specializing in tubal reversal surgery over the past 30 years has allowed me to assist more than 6000 couples in the beginning of life with the safest, most comfortable, and most successful tubal reversal operation.